Built to Be Flooded: Why Ghana’s Informal Communities Bear the Brunt of Urban Failures

Introduction

Every year, residents of Tetegu, a riverside community near Accra, face the devastating consequences of controlled dam spillages. Despite being a necessary safety measure, these annual floods wreak havoc on homes, livelihoods, and education, leaving families trapped and vulnerable. This article explores the complex interplay of climate change, urban planning failures, and community resilience that keeps Ghana’s informal settlements on the frontline of urban flooding.

Key Points

Background

The Weija Dam, constructed in 1978, is a critical water source for over 80% of the Greater Accra Region. Managed by the Ghana Water Limited (GWL), the dam’s controlled spillages are designed to protect its structural integrity. However, these spillages regularly flood nearby communities like Tetegu, where many residents have built homes along the riverbanks.

Residents such as Samson Mensah, a 42-year-old father, describe a yearly cycle of disruption: “Anytime the dam is spilt, our whole life comes to a standstill. We can’t go to work, the children can’t go to school, and we are trapped indoors.” Despite the hardships, many feel they have no choice but to stay, having invested everything in their land.

Analysis

The Role of Climate Change

In recent years, climate change has altered rainfall patterns, causing the dam to reach full capacity earlier than expected. This has led to more frequent and intense spillages, exacerbating the impact on surrounding communities. The National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) notes that human settlements near the dam complicate evacuation efforts, making the situation even more dangerous.

Urban Planning and Enforcement Gaps

Authorities, including GWL and NADMO, stress that much of the suffering could be mitigated if residents avoided building in flood-prone areas. However, weak enforcement of land-use regulations has allowed informal settlements to flourish along vulnerable riverbanks. Community leaders argue that earlier intervention and stricter enforcement of building codes could have prevented many of the current losses.

Community Resilience and Attachment

For many residents, leaving is not an option. Gideon Yeboah, who lives in Tetegu with his family, explains, “This land belongs to my family. My father acquired it, and I have a responsibility to protect it.” Such deep-rooted attachments, combined with a lack of affordable alternatives, keep families in harm’s way year after year.

Practical Advice

For Residents in Flood-Prone Areas

– **Stay Informed**: Monitor weather forecasts and dam release schedules.
– **Prepare Emergency Kits**: Keep essentials like food, water, and important documents ready.
– **Plan Evacuation Routes**: Identify safe routes and shelters in advance.
– **Advocate for Support**: Engage with local authorities and NGOs for assistance and resources.

For Authorities and Planners

– **Strengthen Enforcement**: Strictly enforce land-use regulations to prevent new settlements in flood zones.
– **Improve Early Warning Systems**: Invest in technology and community education to provide timely alerts.
– **Support Relocation Programs**: Develop affordable housing options for vulnerable communities.
– **Integrate Climate Adaptation**: Incorporate climate resilience into urban planning and infrastructure projects.

FAQ

Conclusion

The recurring floods in Tetegu and similar communities highlight the urgent need for integrated urban planning, climate adaptation, and community support. While controlled spillages are a necessary safety measure, their impact on vulnerable populations underscores the importance of proactive policies and enforcement. As climate change accelerates, balancing the protection of critical infrastructure with the safety and well-being of informal communities remains a pressing challenge for Ghana and cities worldwide.