Assessing the relevance of traditional rulers (3), by Eric Teniola   

Introduction

The role of traditional rulers in Nigeria has long been a subject of debate. In the midst of a turbulent political era, figures such as Moses Majekodunmi, Oba Akinyele, Oba Akenzua II, and Oba Aderele exemplify how kingship, culture, and governance intersected during the late 1950s and early 1960s. This article, originally penned by former Presidential Director Eric Teniola, reexamines the historical relevance of these leaders and explores how their contributions inform contemporary discussions about the place of traditional authority in Nigeria’s federal system.

Key Points

Background

Western Nigeria’s 1961 Political Crisis

In 1961, the Western Region of Nigeria was thrown into turmoil when Alhaji Chief Dauda Soroye Adegbenro, a prominent political figure and supporter of Chief Awolowo, was appointed premier by Governor Sir Adesoji Aderemi. The appointment triggered intense factionalism within the House of Assembly, culminating in violent clashes among supporters outside the assembly precincts. The ensuing disorder forced the Governor to declare a state of emergency, suspend the regional government, and appoint a sole administrator.

Dr. Moses Majekodunmi: The Administrator of the West

Dr. Moses A. Majekodunmi, a respected civil servant and former member of the Federal Legislative Council, was selected to steer the Western Region through the crisis. His tenure was marked by decisive action, including the suspension of political parties, reorganization of the regional executive, and efforts to restore order. Though his authority was temporary, the experience underscored the need for a stable governance structure in Nigeria’s post‑colonial era.

Traditional Leaders as Peacekeepers

While the political elite grappled with power struggles, several traditional rulers maintained a neutral stance, positioning themselves as mediators. Oba Akinyele, then the Oba of Ibadan, publicly offered his court as a venue for peace talks. His willingness to facilitate dialogue earned him respect across political lines. Similarly, Oba Akenzua II and Oba Aderele used their influence to calm tensions and promote reconciliation among rival factions.

Analysis

Governance and the Role of Kingship

Traditional rulers have historically functioned as custodians of customary law and local governance. Their involvement during the 1961 crisis illustrates how monarchy can complement formal state institutions. By offering neutral venues and mediating disputes, kingship helped bridge divides that formal politicians struggled to resolve. This synergy between customary authority and state power remains a cornerstone of Nigeria’s federal system, where traditional councils often advise on local matters and assist in implementing national policies.

Custodians of Culture and Heritage

Beyond politics, Oba Akenzua II’s leadership in Benin exemplifies the cultural stewardship role of monarchs. His active promotion of Benin’s bronze and ivory art, coupled with his support for the 1977 Festival in Africa (FESTAC), helped preserve and showcase the Bini heritage on an international stage. Likewise, Oba Aderele’s reign in Ondo was noted for encouraging artistic expression and traditional ceremonies, reinforcing the social fabric of his people.

Political Agency and Regional Formation

Oba Akenzua II’s pivotal role in the creation of the Midwest Region demonstrates the political agency of traditional rulers. By forming the Benin‑Delta People’s Party in 1953 and lobbying for the unification of the Benin and Delta provinces, he directly influenced the territorial reconfiguration of Nigeria. His appointment as the first President of the Midwest House of Chiefs in 1964 further cemented the integration of traditional institutions into modern governance.

Contemporary Relevance of Traditional Rulers

In the 21st century, traditional rulers continue to impact Nigerian society. Their influence extends to:

• Community development projects, such as infrastructure and education initiatives.
• Dispute resolution, where customary courts provide accessible justice.
• Social cohesion, by upholding cultural values and traditions.
• Political advocacy, often serving as informal advisors to elected officials.

These functions underline that, despite evolving political landscapes, the relevance of traditional leadership remains robust.

Practical Advice

Engaging Traditional Rulers in Development Projects

Government agencies and NGOs should collaborate with local monarchs when designing community interventions. Steps include:

1. Stakeholder Mapping: Identify the traditional authority for the specific area.
2. Consultation: Hold formal meetings to explain project objectives and solicit input.
3. Co‑creation: Integrate customary norms into project design to ensure cultural appropriateness.
4. Follow‑up: Establish monitoring mechanisms that involve the traditional council.

Such engagement not only garners local support but also leverages the ruler’s influence to mobilize community participation.

Policy Recommendations for Strengthening Traditional Institutions

• Legal recognition of customary courts’ jurisdiction in civil matters.
• Inclusion of traditional leaders in regional development planning committees.
• Capacity‑building programs for monarchs on governance, finance, and conflict resolution.
• Transparent mechanisms for the allocation of state resources to traditional institutions, ensuring accountability.

Community Initiatives for Cultural Preservation

Communities can partner with traditional rulers to safeguard intangible heritage by:

• Documenting oral histories and folklore.
• Organizing cultural festivals that showcase local arts.
• Establishing museums or cultural centers curated by the royal family.
• Encouraging youth participation in traditional crafts and ceremonies.

These initiatives reinforce identity and promote tourism, generating economic benefits.

FAQ

Conclusion

The historical episodes surrounding the Western Region’s emergency rule and the active participation of traditional rulers illustrate that monarchy is not an anachronistic relic but a dynamic component of Nigeria’s governance fabric. Figures like Dr. Moses Majekodunmi, Oba Akinyele, Oba Akenzua II, and Oba Aderele exemplify the multifaceted roles of kingship: mediators of conflict, custodians of culture, and political actors who can shape national discourse. As Nigeria continues to navigate challenges of governance, development, and cultural preservation, the relevance of traditional leaders remains evident. Harnessing their influence through inclusive policies and respectful collaboration will be essential for building resilient, culturally grounded communities.